Asteroids and planetesimals regularly bombarded Earth between about 4.6 billion and 3.5 billion years ago, during the Hadean ...

These impacts plowed the Earth's surface, leaving pockets of hot water like geysers in Yellowstone.

Over millions of years, the Earth’s upper layers have performed a dance that has created mountains, volcanoes, continents, ridges and ocean trenches. Tectonic plates play a key role in this process.

Earth is the only planet known to support life. Learn about what Earth is made of and where it came from. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how ...

The Archean eon witnessed the formation of Earth’s first stable continental nuclei, often preserved as cratonic terranes that record the geochemical pathways from primitive mafic protocrust to evolved ...

Introduction / Robert A. Phinney -- [The upper mantle] -- Upper mantle chemistry and evolution of the earth's crust / Paul W. Gast -- The geophysical importance of high-temperature creep / Dan P.

Earth's surface is a turbulent place. Mountains rise, continents merge and split, and earthquakes shake the ground. All of these processes result from plate tectonics, the movement of enormous chunks ...

The Australian continent comprises several ancient cratonic blocks—the West, North and South Australian cratons—that record Earth’s earliest crustal growth and subsequent tectonic reworking. These ...

In the modern world, a reliable supply of hydrogen gas is vital for the function of society. Fertilizer produced from hydrogen contributes to the food supply of half the global population, and ...

Potential patches of Earth's ancient crust, sometimes called "sunken worlds," may have just been discovered deep within the mantle, thanks to a new way of mapping the inside of our planet. However, ...

Thick crust and wet lava around the Azores volcanoes may trace to ancient seawater stored 400 miles down and tapped by a ...