Nosema infections, caused predominantly by the microsporidian parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, have emerged as a significant threat to honey bee health worldwide. These obligate intracellular ...
A honeybee hive, with its large stores of pollen, wax, and honey, is like a fortress guarding treasure: with strong defenses, but a bonanza for enemies that can overcome those. More than 30 parasites ...
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